PE 22-28 8mg is a synthetic peptide designed to promote various biological processes, particularly related to immune system modulation and tissue regeneration. PE 22-28 is a fragment of a larger protein called Thymosin Beta-4, which is naturally involved in tissue repair, healing, and immune function. This specific fragment (PE 22-28) has been shown to have strong regenerative and healing properties, particularly in muscle and connective tissues.

Key Properties and Uses of PE 22-28 8mg:

1. Tissue Regeneration:
   • PE 22-28 plays a key role in tissue regeneration and repair, particularly in muscle, skin, and connective tissues. It is often used to promote the healing of wounds and to speed up recovery from injuries or surgeries.
2. Anti-inflammatory Effects:
   • This peptide has potent anti-inflammatory properties, which make it useful in reducing swelling and discomfort caused by injuries or inflammatory conditions. By lowering inflammation, PE 22-28 supports faster healing and recovery.
3. Muscle Repair and Growth:
   • PE 22-28 is commonly used by athletes and bodybuilders to accelerate muscle recovery and reduce muscle damage after intense exercise. It can aid in repairing muscle fibers, improving the body’s overall recovery time and performance.
4. Cell Migration and Regeneration:
   • One of the most important functions of PE 22-28 is its ability to promote cell migration and regeneration, which is essential for tissue repair. It helps stimulate the production of new cells in damaged tissue areas, accelerating the healing process.
5. Wound Healing:
   • PE 22-28 is often used in clinical settings to support the healing of chronic wounds, surgical wounds, and burns. It encourages new tissue formation and helps close wounds more quickly and efficiently.
6. Immune System Support:
   • As part of the Thymosin Beta-4 family, PE 22-28 plays a role in supporting immune system function. It can help modulate immune responses, improving the body’s ability to fight infections and promote overall wellness.

Administration and Dosage:

• Administration: PE 22-28 is typically administered through subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This allows for direct absorption into the bloodstream, targeting the area where tissue repair and regeneration are needed.
• Dosage: The typical dosage of PE 22-28 is 8mg per injection, although the exact dosage and frequency of injections can vary based on individual goals and the specific condition being treated. Treatment cycles generally last from a few weeks to several months, depending on the severity of the injury or condition.

Considerations and Warnings:

• Side Effects: PE 22-28 is generally well-tolerated, but some individuals may experience mild side effects such as redness or irritation at the injection site. Less commonly, there may be systemic effects such as dizziness or nausea, though these are rare.
• Medical Supervision: Due to the potent biological effects of PE 22-28, it should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, particularly for individuals with underlying health conditions or those who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
• Regulatory Status: PE 22-28 is often sold as a research peptide and may not be widely approved for clinical use in all regions. Ensure compliance with local laws and regulations regarding the use of peptides.

Summary:

PE 22-28 8mg is a powerful peptide used to promote tissue regeneration, reduce inflammation, and support muscle repair and recovery. It is commonly used in medical, sports, and wellness contexts to speed up healing and improve overall tissue health. Due to its potent effects, it should be administered under medical supervision to ensure safety and effectiveness.

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What is PE-22-28?

PE-22-28 is a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring peptide spadin. Spadin is a secreted peptide derived from sortilin. It is an antagonist of the TREK-1 (TWIK-related-potassium channel) receptor, a two-pore potassium channel identified as a potential target in the treatment of depression and as a possible neurogenic regulator. Early studies in mice have shown that a deletion of the TREK-1 receptor makes them resistant to depression. Similarly, treatment with sortilin leads to resistance to depression boosts the growth of both neurons and the synaptic interconnections between neurons[1].

Interestingly, shortened analogs of spadin actually show better TREK-1 inhibition than spadin itself. PE-22-28 is the representative peptide for this group of synthetic spadin analogs. PE-22-28 has been shown to be more stable and have improved antidepressant activity and neurogenic properties over the naturally occurring spadin.

It is important to note that one of the long-term consequences of taking anti-depressant medications (e.g. SSRIs) is neurogenesis. In fact, the growth of new neurons is considered to be one indication that depression is being adequately treated and that antidepressants are working. PE-22-28 has been shown to induce neurogenesis after just 4 days, which is substantially faster than any known antidepressant. This also suggests that PE-22-28 might be useful in other applications such as learning, stroke recovery, and perhaps even the battle against neurodegenerative diseases[2].

TREK-1, which is primarily found in the brain, is also found in the heart, smooth muscle cells, lung tissue, the prostate, and in specific areas of the pancreas. Though it has been primarily studied as a target for antidepressant activity, TREK-1 plays important roles in pain perception, anesthesia, and neuroprotection. These properties have made TREK-1 a major research target in academia and industry.

Structures

Spadin Sequence: YAPLPRWSGPIGVSWGLR
Molecular Formula: C₉₆H₁₄₂N₂₆O₂₂
Molecular Weight: 2012.3492 g/mol

PE-22-28 Sequence: GVSWGLR
Molecular Formula: C₃₅H₅₅N₁₁O₉
Molecular Weight: 773.8947 g/mol

PE-22-28 Research

What Is TREK-1?

The receptor that spadin and thus PE-22-28 primarily bind to is TREK-1. TREK-1 is a two-pore potassium channel regulated by a number of different molecules. It belongs to a large family of two-pore potassium channels that are important in regulating the excitability of neurons. TREK-1, in particular, is found in regions of the brain controlling mood, memory, and learning. These areas include the prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the hippocampus. Stimulating TREK-1 activity reduces excitability of the neuron while reducing TREK-1 function increases excitability and increases the likelihood of a depolarization event[3]. By reducing excitability of the neuron, TREK-1 can help to protect against excitotoxicity.

Depression

Research in mouse models of depression indicates that PE-22-28 is more effective in reversing the symptoms of depression than any currently used treatment and that it does so with fewer side effects. In fact, PE-22-28 has been shown to relieve depression in just 4 days without producing any side effects on other functions that are controlled by the TREK-1 channel.

There is strong evidence to show that the hippocampus is smaller (of reduced volume) in patients suffering from depressive disorder and other affect disorders. Additionally, research has shown that long-term administration of classic antidepressants (5-HT or norepinephrine selective reuptake inhibitors) boosts neurogenesis in the adult rodent hippocampus and leads to increased hippocampus volume[4]. The ability of PE-22-28 to reverse this loss of volume by stimulating neurogenesis indicates that it is fighting depression at its source and that it may help to uncover some of the underlying physiologic pathways that are deficient in the setting of depression[5].

The lack of side effects caused by spadin and PE-22-28 is just as important as the effects of these peptides. Current treatments for depression have a host of known side effects ranging from suicidality to changes in libido and problems with cognition. In fact, side effects are the number one reason that people stop using their antidepressants and are reluctant to return to them even after their depression worsens. Even ketamine, which has been newly touted as a potential rapid-onset treatment for depression has a host of side effects including delirium, hallucinations, muscle tremors, high blood pressure, and increased heart rate. So, despite its rapid onset of action, doctors have been reluctant to use ketamine in the treatment of depression because of the range and severity of its side effects[6].

There was initial concern that spadin would also cause a host of side effects because the TREK-1 receptor has been implicated in pain sensitivity, seizure activity, and cardiac ischemia. There was also concern that spadin and PE-22-28 may inhibit currents in TREK-2, TRAAK, TASK, and TRESK channels leading additional side effects. Research in mice, however, shows that none of these side effects are observed and, in fact, PE-22-28 has one of the smallest side effect profiles of any existing or experimental treatment for depression[7].

Post-Stroke Depression

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common condition following brain ischemia and is particularly refractory to standard treatment. Recent research has shown that TREK-1 over-expression likely plays a causative role in this condition. In experimental mouse models, this upregulation can be suppressed or reversed using both SSRI antidepressants as well as TREK-1 blockers like spadin[3]. Of course, the SSRIs take much longer to act and have a host of side effects. This suggests that PE-22-28 may prove effective in future trials exploring the treatment of PSD.

Neurogenesis

The ability of antidepressant drugs to upregulate neurogenesis in the hippocampus has been well-established. Research with PE-22-28 shows that this peptide can perform the same function, but in a shorter duration of time. Studies in mice show that PE-22-28 increases both neurogenesis and synaptogenesis after just four days. Preliminary results indicate that PE-22-28 roughly doubles the amount of BrdU (an exogenous marker that is incorporated into DNA and used to detect replication) positive cells in the hippocampus.  In the case of synaptogenesis, PE-22-28 appears to double the rate of synapse formation[2], [8].

Another clue that PE-22-28 is boosting cell division in the brain is the increase in CREB seen after its administration. CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a transcription factor associated with neuronal plasticity, memory formation, and the development of spatial memory. CREB appears to be a necessary component in not just the growth of neurons, but in their protection as well. Research in Alzheimer’s disease has shown a down-regulation of CREB and scientists have long sought a drug capable of boosting CREB as a means of treating Alzheimer’s[9], [10]. PE-22-28 is being actively investigated for its ability to both prevent and reverse the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

The hippocampus, while playing an important role in depression, is also a critical structure for learning and memory. It is a very plastic structure that research has revealed to be vulnerable to damage by a variety of insults. The hippocampus has been implicated in diseases ranging from depression to anxiety to Alzheimer’s disease. Improving its ability to regenerate following injury could help to treat a number of diseases. Notably, the role of the hippocampus in learning, memory, and spatial navigation suggests that PE-22-28 or a similar TREK-1 antagonist may prove to be an effective nootropic.

Now, it has generally been demonstrated in animal models that removing the TREK-1 channel is a recipe for disaster. In previous mouse models, knockout of TREK-1 increased significantly the likelihood of seizure activity and reduced the normal ability of this two-pore potassium channel to protect neurons from excitotoxicity. It came as a bit of surprise then that neither spadin nor PE-22-28 enhanced seizure activity. Even more interesting is the fact that mice treated with spadin are more resistant to developing generalized seizures[3]. PE-22-28 has even more profound protective effects than spadin.

Top: Number of cells in the hippocampus of mice treated with saline, fluoxetine (Prozac), and spadin for four days.

Middle: Quantification of CREB activity in the brain of mice treated with saline and spadin.

Bottom: Effect of spadin on the firing rate of 5-HT neurons (neurons implicated in depression) at baseline (WT), in TREK-1 knockout mice (KO), and after administration of spadin and saline. Note that spadin boosts firing in neurons almost as much as removing TREK-1 entirely.

Muscle Function

There is some research to suggest that TREK-1 plays an important role in the ability of muscle to respond to mechanical stimulation. In particular, TREK-1 blockade appears to increase contractility in muscle tissue while activation of the channel appears to promote muscle relaxation. While this particular aspect of the TREK-1 channel is still in the early stages of investigation, it is becoming increasingly important. There is hope that understanding the role of molecules like PE-22-28 in muscle contraction and relaxation may not only provide new treatment modalities for conditions like myogenic bladder dysfunction, but may also open up new pathways for understanding the physiology of muscle performance[11].

Summary

According to Dr. Jean Mazella, one of the lead researchers in the development of PE-22-28, the peptide was specifically designed to move forward the use of spadin analogs in clinics. PE-22-28 appears to be an effective treatment for depression and a potent stimulator of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. It has far fewer side effects than existing antidepressant medications and appears to retain much of its ability to antagonize TREK-1 even after modifications that boost half-life or alter the route of administration. In short, PE-22-28 appears to offer a strong target for guiding the development of a new generation of antidepressants and is helping to shed light on the burgeoning field of nootropics. It is also helping to expand the arsenal of drugs used to treat neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease.

The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body.  These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease.  Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.