성장 호르몬 방출 호르몬 (GHRH)은 시상 하부에서 신경 (Arcate Neuron)이라고하는 신경에 ​​의해 방출되는 자연 발생 펩티드입니다. 펩티드는 시상 하부에서 뇌하수체로 이동하여 성장 호르몬 방출 호르몬 수용체에 결합하여 성장 호르몬 (GH)의 방출을 유발합니다. GHRH는 적절한 성장 및 발달에 중요하며, 몸이 린 물질을 증가시키고 지방 조직 (지방 조직)을 감소시킵니다. GHRH는 간접적으로 근육 성장과 긴 뼈 성장에 책임이 있지만, 염증을 조절하고 통증을 완화하며 수면 깨우기 (일주주기)에서 중요한 역할을하는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 시상 하부에서 맥동 방식으로 방출되어 GH의 맥동 방출을 유발합니다. 이 방출 패턴은 성장 호르몬의 기능과 일반적으로 생리학에 중요합니다.

원천:Pubch

순서:DL-TYR-DL-ALA-DL-DL-ALA-DL-XIILE-DL-PHE-DL-XITHR-DL-DL-SER-DL-TYR-DL-ARG-DLYS-DL-VAL-DL-LEU-GLY-GLN-DL-LEU-DL-SER-DL-ALA-DL-ARG-DLL-LL-L EU-DL-LEU-DL-DL-DL-DL-DL-DL-DL-MET-DL-SER-DL-ARG-DL-GLN-GLN-GLY-DL-GLU-DL-SER-DL-ASN-DL-GLL-GLO-DL-ARG-GLY-DL-ALA-DL-ARG-DL-ALA-DL-ARG-DL-LEU
분자식 :기음₂₁₅시간₃₅₈N₇₂영형₆₆에스
분자량 :5039.727 g/mol
Pubchem CID : 44134750
CAS 번호 :9034-39-3
동의어 :성장 호르몬 방출 인자, 소 마토 리닌, 소 마톨리르린

GHRH는 다른 호르몬과 달리 여러 형태로 존재할 수 있습니다. 실제로, 크기는 37 내지 44 아미노산의 범위가 될 수 있으며, 44- 아미노산 버전은 GHRH를 논의 할 때 가장 일반적이며 표준 기준입니다. 흥미롭게도, 이러한 크기의 변화는 실험적 증거를 식별 할 수있는 한 펩티드의 전반적인 기능에 영향을 미치지 않으므로 37- 아미노산 긴 버전은 더 긴 대응 물과 동일한 효과를 생성합니다.

GHRH는 연령과 발달 상태에 따라 다른 기저 방출 속도를 가지지 만, 호르몬의 기준 수준에 관계없이 맥동 방출의 패턴은 여전히 ​​남아 있습니다. 연구에 따르면 외인성 투여 중에도 GHRH의 자연 맥동을 보존하는 것은 정상적인 생리학을 보존하고 특정 부작용을 예방하는 데 중요합니다.

중추 신경계 내에서 GHRH는 시상 머스에서 독점적으로 발견되기 때문에 GHRH는 다른 호르몬과 다릅니다. 많은 호르몬이 CNS 전체에 널리 분포되어 있지만 GH는 그렇지 않습니다. 그러나 GHRH는 췌장, 심장, 흉선 및 결장과 같은 말초 조직에서 발견됩니다.^[1]. It has also been found, pathologically, in certain tumors.

A number of analogues of GHRH have been developed in an effort to target some of the peptide’s effects while avoiding other properties. Alterations have also been made in order to to prolong the half-life of exogenously administered GHRH. Examples of GHRH analogues include CJC-1295, Sermorelin, and Tesamorelin. Tesamorelin was approved by the FDA in 2010 for the treatment of lipodystrophy (abnormal deposition of fat) in HIV.

GHRH and Sleep

A significant portion of the total amount of GH released by the pituitary gland is released during non-REM sleep (NREMS). Interestingly, GHRH administered exogenously promotes NREMS while suppression of normal GHRH release inhibits NREMS. Studies in mice suggest that GHRH is a critical factor in regulating the sleep cycle^[2]. Interestingly, the balance between GH and GHRH secretion may help to explain why mammals cycle between NREMS and REMS (REM sleep) throughout the night. Studies in mice show that an increase in GHRH leads to increased NREMS and GH release. The increase in GH then leads to an increase in REM sleep and a decrease in GHRH secretion. This, of course, boosts GHRH release and starts the cycle over again^[3]. Defects in this axis may help to explain a number of different sleep disturbances as well as why changes in sleep patterns can lead to long-term health problems.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is well-known to cause a number of neuroendocrine dysfunctions and can lead to everything from heart disease to cognitive dysfunction. Patients with OSA have been found to have severe deficits in GH and GHRH levels, a factor that may explain why OSA leads to cognitive dysfunction as well as obesity^[4]. There is some thought that supplementing GHRH in patients with OSA may help them to recover faster from the condition and reduce the occurrence of long-term side effects. Interestingly, patients who have OSA and no cognitive deficits have normal GHRH levels^[5]. This has lead scientists to investigate the role of GHRH in a number of neurological conditions (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease). Fortunately, CPAP therapy has been shown to improve the cognitive impairment and GHRH deficit associated with sleep apnea^[6].

There is also evidence to suggest that the link between depression and sleep may be due to an imbalance between GHRH levels (to little) and levels of another hormone called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). This imbalance has been shown to cause a decrease in short wave sleep while disinhibiting REM sleep^[7]. These studies are in their most preliminary stages, but there is some hope that a deeper understanding of the GHRH-CRH balance may eventually lead to therapies that address not only sleep, but depression and its underlying mechanisms as well.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often affects the GHRH-GH axis and leads to substantial disturbances in sleep and mood^[8]. In 2017, a phase 2 clinical trial studying the effects of GHRH analogue tesamorelin on sleep in individuals with TBI was undertaken. The study sought to determine if the peptide could produce changes in NREM sleep time compared to placebo. The results of the study have not yet been published, but the study underlines the keen interest in GHRH and its ability to regulate sleep.

GHRH and Obesity

GHRH, by stimulating GH release, is a potent muscle-building peptide and anti-obesity peptide. GH promotes the development of lean body mass, and supplementation with GHRH has been shown to do the same. Interestingly, research indicates that obesity causes a decrease in circulating levels of GH by affecting GHRH secretion^[9]. Scientists have long known that increased obesity makes it harder to lose weight and affects everything from appetite to the way the body absorbs calories (obesity actually makes the body more efficient at absorbing calories). Now it appears that at least part of this anomaly results from a decrease in GHRH secretion in obesity. In other words, the more adipose tissue the body accumulates, the more GHRH secretion is reduced and the harder it is to lose weight. Scientists speculate that GHRH (or GHRH analogue) supplementation may be an effective means of jump starting weight loss until the cycle can be broken and endocrine regulation can be reestablished.

GHRH and Stress

It has long been known that GHRH secretion is suppressed in response to both physical and emotional stress. In fact, careful studies have shown that stress, even psychological stress, can lead to delayed puberty, short stature, and depression. These changes in development can be directly linked to changes in GHRH levels, but the exact mechanism by which stress affects GHRH has been unclear until recently. New research suggests that the change in GHRH secretion is a result of neuropeptide Y levels, which actually cause changes in the neurons responsible for GHRH production and release. It is thought that the change in GHRH release is designed to help preserve energy by restricting growth during times of famine. Unfortunately, this system is activated during any stressful event and prolonged stress, particularly during childhood, can lead to severe restriction of development^[10]. There is some question as to whether GHRH supplementation might be indicated for individuals with severe physical and emotional distress so as to offset the negative effects on growth, development, inflammation, and cognition.

GHRH May Reduce Pain

Research in rats shows that GHRH is an effective way to relieve inflammatory pain. Interestingly, the peptide reduces pain without affecting any of the inflammatory mediators that lead to it^[11]. This may be clinically relevant as it offers doctors that ability to fine-tune an inflammatory response, reducing pain without impacting other aspects that may be important, such as the presence of nerve growth factor.

Of particular interest is the role of GHRH in reducing the pain associated with fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a difficult to characterize condition associated with widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. It has been known for some time, however, that exercise can have a significant and lasting impact on fibromyaglia pain. This fact led scientists to believe that GHRH or GH deficiency may play a role in the development of fibromyalgia. GHRH administration reduces pain in this condition and, as pointed out above, may help to reestablish normal sleep cycles^[12]. Though there are currently treatments available for fibromyaglia, they are relatively limited in efficacy. The use of GHRH to treat the condition could represent a breakthrough.

GHRH and Prostate Enlargement

The exact reason that some men experience prostate enlargement (benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH) has yet to be elucidated, but there is some evidence to suggest that chronic inflammation plays an important role in the process. Research in mice indicates that GHRH antagonism can reduce inflammatory cytokines in the prostate and actually lead to a reduction in the size of the gland. More importantly, GHRH antagonism appears to prevent hyperplasia in the first place, suggesting that GHRH antagonist therapy may be used to ameliorate BPH long before it becomes problematic^[13].

GHRH Supplementation for Muscle Growth in Aging

Reduction in GH secretion and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are a part of aging but lead to decreased muscle mass and decreased strength in older people. Decreased strength leads to a number of problems such as gait abnormalities, bone density loss, changes in posture, and increased risk of falls and injury. Research in non-obese older men indicates that multiple daily injections of GHRH (or one of its analogues) significantly improves muscle strength and muscle bioenergetics without serious changes in blood lipid levels, weight, glucose levels, or overall health^[14].

Interestingly, supplementing with GHRH also improves sleep in elderly patients and may lead to a decrease in cardiovascular mortality. The peptide also boosts cognitive function, likely by impacting sleep. Most individuals in these studies have also reported improved senses of well-being^[15]. There is interest in extending these limited trials into long-term studies to determine just how far the benefits of GHRH extend in fighting the effects of aging and what, if any, side effects should be anticipated.

Research by L. Edmiston, M.D. for

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